Copper plating is the process in which a layer of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. Three basic types of processes are commercially available based upon the complexing system utilized. They are alkaline-(several modifications of cyanide and non-cyanide); acid-(sulfate and fluoborate); and mildly alkaline-(pyro phosphate) complexed baths. With a higher current, hydrogen bubbles will form on the item to be plated, leaving surface imperfections. Often various other chemicals are added to improve plating uniformity and brightness. Without some form of additive, it is almost impossible to obtain anything close to reasonable plating. These additives can be anything from dish soap to proprietary compounds.

A treatment known as Ebonol, a black oxide, is sometimes used as a blackening agent after copper plating for space hardware applications and in jewelry.

BBC TV Europe was a BBC subscription-funded television service founded in 1987 serving continental Europe. It was available on satellite and cable.

The channel broadcasted a mix of programmes shown on BBC One and BBC Two in the United Kingdom, as well as the BBC’s domestic Six O’Clock News bulletin together with the regional news service from London. When a programme on BBC One could not be shown on the channel for rights reasons, this would be replaced with a programme shown on BBC Two.

In 1991, the channel was replaced by BBC World Service Television, which was later replaced itself by BBC World and BBC Prime in 1995.

NetJet was the first commercially available web accelerator. The product was developed by Peak Technologies in 1996 and released in January of 1997. The technology was derived from the ExpressO server developed by Innovative Desktop Inc.

NetJet paved the way for commercial Java technologies and may be considered notable because of the following:

1. It was the first commercially available, shrink wrapped application written for the Java platform.
2. It was the first software product updated over the internet.
3. It provided the first look ahead technologies to enable link prefetching.
4. It contained intelligent caching algorithms ensuring frequently visited content was fresh and up-to-date.
   

The product acted as a web proxy and was compatible with most web browsers.

Ernest Tidyman (January 1 1928 - July 14 1984) was a Cleveland-born American author and screenwriter, best known for his novels featuring the African-American detective John Shaft. He also co-wrote the film version of Shaft with John D.F. Black in 1971.

His screenplay for The French Connection garnered him an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, as well as a Golden Globe Award, a Writers Guild of America Award, and an Edgar Award.

He also wrote the screenplay for the 1973 film High Plains Drifter, which was directed by Clint Eastwood, who was also its star. Tidyman also wrote the less successful sequel to Shaft, Shaft’s Big Score which appeared in theaters in 1972.

In 1974, he published Dummy, a non-fiction account of the story of an accused deaf-mute murderer. It was nominated for an Edgar in the Fact Crime category.

He co-wrote A Force of One in 1979, one of Chuck Norris’s earlier films.

Thereafter, Tidyman never attained the kind of success he enjoyed with The French Connection and the Shaft series, although he had a high note in 1980 with his teleplay for the TV movie (which he also had a hand in producing), which garnered him an Emmy nomination. For creating the Shaft books, he became one of the few white individuals to win an NAACP Image Award.

In 1982, he married former Motown soul singer Chris Clark, who had co-written the screenplay for Lady Sings the Blues (1972). He died two years later from a perforated ulcer.

Filmography

• The French Connection (1971)
• High Plains Drifter (1973)

A turbo-electric transmission uses electric generators to convert the mechanical energy of a turbine (steam or gas) into electric energy and electric motors to convert it back into mechanical energy to power the driveshafts.

Turbo-electric drives are used in some locomotives (gas turbines, e.g. with the first TGV) and ships (steam and sometimes gas turbines). The advantage of the turbo-electric transmission is that it allows the adaptation of high-speed turning turbines to the slow turning propellers or wheels without the need of a heavy and complex gearbox.

A disadvantage shared with the more common diesel-electric powertrain is that because of the double conversion of mechanical energy to electricity and back more energy gets lost than with a mechanical transmission. Gas turbine are however usually less energy efficient than equally sized diesel engines. Efficiency can be increased, if the exhaust gases of the gas turbine is used to generate steam which powers a steam turbine (Combined cycle/Combined gas and steam).

See also

• Gas turbine-electric locomotive
• Steam turbine-electric locomotive

Ships With Turbo-Electric Drive

• SS Canberra- most powerful steam turbo-electric units in a passenger ship, 42,500 shp per shaft, 2 shafts
• USS Langley(CV-1)
• Lexington class aircraft carriers
• USS New Mexico (BB-40)
• Colorado class battleship
• USS Glenard P. Lipscomb (SSN-685)
• SS Normandie- most powerful steam turbo-electric passenger ship ever, 40,000 shp per shaft (50,000 shp at max power), 4 shafts
• RMS Queen Mary 2- powered by General Electric gas turbines in addition to her diesel generators to produce the power to drive her four Rolls-Royce MerMaid electric podded azimuth thrusters.
• GTS Millennium

External links

• Turboelectric drive in American Capital Ships @ www.navweaps.com

Ōbaku (Japanese. Chinese 黃檗; pinyin huang bo) is a Japanese Zen Buddhist school. It was founded in 1654 when the Chinese monk Yinyuan Longqi and his disciple Muyan, followers of the Linji tradition, went to Japan. The head temple Mampukuji was founded at Uji in 1661. In 1664 Muyan replaced Yinyuan Longqi as chief priest there. In 1671 he established a second temple, Zuishōji at Shirokane, Edo. Chinese monks remained master of the temple for the first thirteen generations, until the Japanese monk Ryūtō became the fourteenth.

Ōbaku monks were famed for their skill at calligraphy, and three of them, Ingen Ryuki, Mokuan Shoto and Sokuhi Nyoitsu were known as the “Three Brushes of Ōbaku” or Obaku no Sanpitsu.

Famous Ōbaku monks

• Ingen Ryuki
• Mokuan Shoto
• Sokuhi Nyoitsu
• Tetsugen

See also

• Kōfuku-ji (Nagasaki)
• Zen
• Japanese Buddhism
• Mount Huangbo

Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV) is speech coding standard used in CDMA2000 networks. SMV provides multiple modes of operation that are selected based on input speech characteristics.

The SMV for Wideband CDMA is based on 4 codecs: full rate at 8.5 kbit/s, half rate at 4 kbit/s, quarter rate at 2 kbit/s, and eighth rate at 800 bit/s. The full rate and half rate are based on the eXtended CELP (eX-CELP) algorithm that is based on a combined closed-loop-open-loop-analysis (COLA). In eX-CELP the signal frames are first classified as:

• Silence/Background noise
• Non-stationary unvoiced
• Stationary unvoiced
• Onset
• Non-stationary voiced
• Stationary voiced

The algorithm includes voice activity detection (VAD) followed by an elaborate frame classification scheme. Silence/background noise and stationary unvoiced frames are represented by spectrum-modulated noise and coded at 1/4 or 1/8 rate. The SMV uses 4 subframes for full rate and two/three subframes for half rate. The stochastic (fixed) codebook structure is also elaborate and uses sub-codebooks each tuned for a particular type of speech. The sub-codebooks have different degrees of pulse sparseness (more sparse for noise like excitation). SMV scores a high of 4.1 MOS at full rate with clean speech.

The coder works on a frame of 160 speech samples (20 ms) and requires a look ahead of 80 samples (10 ms) if noise-suppression option B is used. An additional 24 samples of look ahead is required if noise-suppression option A is used. So the algorithmic delay for the coder is 30 ms with noise-suppression option B and 33 ms with noise-suppression option A.

The next evolution of CDMA speech codecs is VMR-WB which provides much higher speech quality with wideband while fitting to the same networks.

References

Methylation

specific oligonucleotide microarray was developed as a technique to map methylation changes in DNA in cancer. This technique was developed by Professor Tim Hui-Ming Huang and was published in journal Genome Research on 2002 (Gitan et al, 2002). The method utilizes bisulfite-modified DNA that is used as templates for PCR amplification, which is subsequently hybridized to oligonucleotide microarray.

External links

• Resources, information and specific protocols for DNA Methylation Analysis

The Transportation Coils series is a set of definitive stamps issued by the United States Postal Service between 1981 and 1995. Officially dubbed the “Transportation Issue” or “Transportation Series”, they have come to be called the “transportation coils” because all of the denominations were issued in coil stamp format.

The theme of the series was historical transportation vehicles used in the United States since its independence. The designs are spare, consisting only of the vehicle itself, and with inscriptions describing the general type (”Circus Wagon” or “Ferryboat”) and a date, either a decade or sometimes a specific year. The stamps are primarily engraved, almost all in a single color on plain white paper (the $1 seaplane is in two colors). Some of the denominations also received special service inscriptions in black, such as “Bulk Rate” or “ZIP + 4 Presort”. Many of those denominations were unusual fractional rates, such as 16.7 or 24.1 cents, used by bulk mailers and other businesses.

Because of their heavy use by businesses mailing to households, vast quantities of these were produced, and were a common sight in the daily mail of the 1980s and 1990s.

The series has become popular with stamp collectors, both because of the “classic” engraved designs, and because to the emergence of Plate number coil collecting. Many issues with specific plate numbers are hard to find and can be valuable.

Stamps of the series (ordered by denomination, not issue date):

• 1¢ Omnibus
• 2¢ Locomotive
• 3¢ Handcar
• 3¢ Conestoga

• 3.4¢ School Bus
• 4¢ Stagecoach
• 4¢ Steam Carriage
• 4.9¢ Buckboard
• 5¢ Motorcycle
• 5¢ Milk wagon
• 5¢ Circus wagon

• 5¢ Canoe
• 5.2¢ Sleigh
• 5.3¢ Elevator
• 5.5¢ Star Route Truck
• 5.9¢ Bicycle
• 6¢ Tricycle
• 7.1¢ Tractor
• 7.4¢ Baby Buggy
• 7.6¢ Carreta
• 8.3¢ Ambulance
• 8.4¢ Wheel Chair
• 8.5¢ Tow Truck
• 9.3¢ Mail Wagon
• 10¢ Canal Boat
• 10¢ Tractor Trailer
• 10.1¢ Oil Wagon
• 10.9¢ Hansom Cab
• 11¢ Caboose
• 11¢ Stutz Bearcat
• 12¢ Stanley Steamer
• 12.5¢ Pushcart
• 13¢ Patrol Wagon
• 13.2¢ Coal Car
• 14¢ Iceboat
• 15¢ Tugboat
• 16.7¢ Popcorn Wagon
• 17¢ Electric Auto
• 17¢ Dog Sled
• 17.5¢ Racing Car
• 18¢ Surrey
• 20¢ Fire Pumper
• 20¢ Cable Car
• 20¢ Cog Railway
• 20.5¢ Fire Engine
• 21¢ Railway Mail Car
• 23¢ Lunch Wagon
• 24.1¢ Tandem Bike
• 25¢ Bread Wagon
• 32¢ Ferry Boat
• $1 Sea Plane

References

• Scott catalog

Cunife is an alloy of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and in some cases cobalt (Co). The alloy has the same linear coefficient of expansion of certain types of glass, and thus makes an ideal material for the lead out wires in light bulbs and thermionic valves. It is magnetic and can be used for making magnets.

Fernico exhibits a similar property.

• Cunife 1 consists of 60% Cu, 20% Ni, and 20% Fe.
• Cunife 2 consists of 60% Cu, 20% Ni, 2.5% Co, and 17.5% Fe.

External links

• National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet

For more uses of the word labyrinth, see Labyrinth (disambiguation)

A labyrinth seal is a mechanical seal that fits around a shaft to prevent the leakage of oil or other fluids.

A labyrinth seal is composed of many straight threads that press tightly inside another shaft, or stationary hole, so that the fluid has to pass through a long and difficult path to escape. Sometimes ‘threads’ exist on the outer and inner portion. These interlock, to produce the long characteristic path to slow leakage. For labyrinth seals on a rotating shaft, a very small clearance must exist between the tips of the labyrinth threads and the running surface.

Labyrinth seals on rotating shafts provide non-contact sealing action by controlling the passage of fluid through a variety of chambers by centrifugal motion, as well as by the formation of controlled fluid vortices. At higher speeds, centrifugal motion forces the liquid towards the outside and therefore away from any passages. Similarly, if the labyrinth chambers are correctly designed, any liquid that has escaped the main chamber, becomes entrapped in a labyrinth chamber, where it is forced into a vortex-like motion. This acts to prevents its escape, and also acts to repel any other fluid. Because these labyrinth seals are non-contact, they do not wear out.

Turbines use labyrinth seals due to the lack of friction, which is necessary for high rotational speeds.

Labyrinth seals are also found on pistons, which use them to store oil and seal against combustion explosions, as well as on other non-rotating shafts. In these applications, it is the long and difficult path and the formation of controlled fluid vortices plus some limited contact-sealing action that creates the seal.

Retreating blade stall is a hazardous flight condition in helicopters and other rotary wing aircraft, where the rotor blade rotating away from the direction of flight stalls. The stall is due to low relative airspeed and/or excessive angle of attack (or AOA). Retreating blade stall is the primary limiting factor of a helicopter’s airspeed, and the reason even the fastest helicopters can only fly slighty faster than 200 knots.

Advancing vs. retreating blades

A rotor blade that is moving in the same direction as the aircraft is called the advancing blade and the blade moving in the opposite direction is called the retreating blade.

Balancing lift across the rotor disc is important to a helicopter’s stability. The amount of lift generated by an airfoil is proportionate to its airspeed. In a zero airspeed hover the rotor blades, regardless of their position in rotation, have equal airspeeds and therefore equal lift. In forward flight the advancing blade has a higher airspeed than the retreating blade, creating unequal lift across the rotor disc.

A fuller treatment is provided in dissymmetry of lift.

Compensation

Most helicopter designs compensate for this by incorporating a certain degree of “flap” in the blades. Rather than being rigid, the rotor blades are built to have a certain degree of flex. As such, the blade flexes or flaps up during its advance, creating a smaller AOA and lower lift. When the blade retreats, the blade flexes or flaps down, increasing the AOA and generating more lift.

Also, the cyclic pitch control (the “joystick”) is used to increase the pitch of the retreating blade and decrease the pitch of the advancing blade. This differential in pitch generates more lift on retreating side of the aircraft, balancing out the effect of the slower airspeed of the retreating blade.

Failure

These compensations can only do so much, and it is possible for a rotary-wing aircraft to move so quickly that the retreating blade no longer moves fast enough relative to the air to provide lift. This situation is called retreating blade stall.
All airfoils have a stall speed, defined as the minimum speed at which the airfoil must move through the air to generate lift. Below this speed, slow-moving turbulent air replaces the fast-moving slip air going over the airfoil, disrupting the Bernoulli effect that generates lift.
When a fixed-wing aircraft drops below its stall speed, the entire aircraft loses lift and enters a condition called a stall. The usual results of a fixed-wing stall are a sharp drop in aircraft altitude and a dive. Stalls in fixed-wing aircraft are often a recoverable event.
In a retreating-blade stall, however, only a portion of the airfoil experiences a stall. The advancing blade continues to generate lift, but the retreating blade enters a stall condition.

Flight performance during a retreating blade stall

As the aircraft approaches the airspeed at which it will encounter retreating blade stall, the aircraft will shudder and the nose will begin to pitch up. The resultant upward pitching of the aircraft’s nose will begin to correct the situation as it results in slowing the aircraft. However, if uncorrected, and if the aircraft continues to accelerate, the aircraft may roll in the direction of the retreating blade.

Recovery involves decreasing the angle of attack and allowing the retreating blade to recover from its stalled condition. This is done by lowering the collective pitch.

The stall will not happen due to speed, but a higher pitch on the retreating side. If you are at speed and immediately reduce collective you have potentially put the blade back in a non-stalled state, but you will now begin to slow down, descend and level out.

Causes of retreating blade stall

Retreating blade stall is more likely to occur when the following conditions exist either alone or in combination:

• High gross weight
• High airspeed
• Low rotor RPM
• High density altitude
• Steep or abrupt turns
• Turbulent ambient air

References

Basic Helicopter Handbook, US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration

Difluoroalkenes are alkenes that have two fluorines on their sp² carbon. Difluoroalkenes that have the fluorines on the same carbon, a geminal relationship, are called gem-difluoroalkenes. They have a unique reactivity derived from the fluorines. Generally, the alkenes are known to react with electrophiles. But gem-difluoroalkenes can react also with nucleophiles, since their carbon-carbon double bond is electrophilically activated by the two fluorine atoms. By using this characteristic, several fluorine-containing compounds have been prepared.

Because of their biological activities and physical properties, gem-difluoroalkene compounds have been attracting much interest in various fields such as medical and agricultural chemistry and material sciences.

JView was a visualization API for the Java programming language, not currently developed or maintained.

It supports both 2D and 3D graphics. It was developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Lab. It uses a scene graph architecture and has been used mostly for visualizations. The underlying hardware OpenGL renderer; the GL4Java API can be accessed directly.

See also

• Aviatrix3D
• Java3D

External links

• An evaluation of JView, see chapter 5 for a comparison against Java3D

The Bosch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen that produces elemental carbon (graphite), water and heat.

The overall reaction is as follows:

CO₂(g) + 2 H₂(g) → C(s) + 2 H₂O(l)

The above reaction is actually the result of two reactions. The first reaction, the water gas shift reaction, is a fast one.

CO₂ + H₂ → CO + H₂O

The second reaction controls the reaction rate.

CO + H₂ → C + H₂O

The overall reaction produces <math>2.3 x 10^3</math> joules for every gram of carbon produced at 650 °C. Reaction temperatures are in the range of 450 to 600 °C.

The reaction can be accelerated in the presence of an iron, cobalt or nickel catalyst. Ruthenium also serves to speed up the reaction. The production of elemental carbon tends to foul the catalyst’s surface, which is detrimental to the reaction’s efficiency.

Together with the Sabatier reaction the Bosch reaction is studied as a way to remove carbon dioxide and to generate clean water aboard a space station [1]

Copper, as native copper, is one of the few metallic elements to occur in uncombined form as a natural mineral, although most commonly occurs in oxidized states and mixed with other elements. Native copper was an important ore of copper in historic times and was used by pre-historic peoples.

Native copper occurs as rarely isometric cubic and octahedral crystals, but more typically as irregular masses and fracture fillings. It is a copper-red color on fresh surfaces, but typically is weathered and coated with a green tarnish of copper(II) carbonate. Its specific gravity is 8.9 and the hardness is 2.5.

The mines of the Keweenaw native copper deposits of Upper Michigan were major copper producers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and are the largest deposits of native copper in the world. (Web archive; click cancel when it asks for authentication.) Native Americans mined copper on a small scale, and evidence exists of copper trading routes throughout North America among native peoples, proven by isotopic analysis. The first commercial mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula (which is nicknamed the “Copper Country”) opened in the 1840s. Isle Royale in western Lake Superior, was also a site of many tons of native copper. Some of it was extracted by native peoples, but only one of several commercial attempts at mining turned a profit there.

Another major native copper deposit is in Corocoro, Bolivia.

The name copper comes from the Greek kyprios, of Cyprus, the location of copper mines since pre-historic times.

References

Polyenes are poly-unsaturated organic compounds that contain one or more sequences of alternating double and single carbon-carbon bonds. These double carbon-carbon bonds interact in a process known as conjugation, which results in an overall lower energy state of the molecule.

Organic compounds with two carbon-carbon double bonds are dienes; those with three such double bonds are trienes; those with four are tetraenes, etc.

Normally carbon-carbon double bonds which are not conjugated or only conjugated with only one or two other carbon-carbon double bonds have high enough energy that they absorb in the ultraviolet region of a spectrum, but the absorption energy state of polyenes with numerous conjugated double bonds can be lowered such that they enter the visible region of the spectrum, resulting in compounds which are colored yellow or other colors.

Many fatty acids are polyenes, and many dyes contain linear polyenes. Other examples of polyene compounds include beta-carotene, which is yellow to orange colored depending on concentration, and polyene antimycotics, some of which are yellow colored.

In computer networks, distance-vector routing protocols employ the split horizon rule which prohibits a router from advertising a route back out the interface from which it was learned. Split horizon is one of the methods used to prevent routing loops due to the slow convergence times of distance-vector routing protocols.

In this example A uses B to reach C.

A will not advertise its route for C (A to B to C) back to B. On the surface, this seems redundant since B will never use A’s route because it costs more than B’s route to C. However, if B’s route to C goes down, B could end up using A’s route, which goes through B; A would send the packet right back to B, creating a loop. With split horizon, this particular loop scenario cannot happen.

An additional variation of split horizon does advertise the route back to the router that is used to reach the destination, but marks the advertisement as unreachable. This is called split horizon with poison reverse.

Protocols using split horizon

• RIP
• IGRP
• EIGRP
• VPLS uses the split horizon technique to avoid loops in the forwarding plane.

Convergence in RIP Internetworks, from Microsoft TechNet

The Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) is a grinding and brushing installation on NASA’s twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on Mars in January of 2004. It was designed, developed and continues to be operated by Honeybee Robotics LTD, a developer of specialized robots, automated technologies and related systems.

The RAT was the first machine to gain access to the interiors of interplanetary rocks. The RAT weighs 685 g (about 1.51 lbs), is 7 cm (2.76 inches) in diameter and 10 cm long (3.94 inches), about the size of a soda can. It uses a diamond dust and resin wheel spinning at 3000 rpm to drill a 45 mm diameter by 5 mm deep bore hole in Martian Rocks. The RAT then uses two brushes to sweep dust from the bore holes for closer scientific inspection. It uses just 11 watts of power over the course of this lengthy task.

There are five other instruments aboard both rovers, these are the Pancam (a camera), Mini-TES (an infrared spectrometer) for sensing targets at a distance, a Microscopic Imager, a Mössbauer spectrometer and a Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer. The RAT provides these instruments with a smooth, clean surface from which they make more accurate observations.

The RAT was first used by Spirit on its 34th sol (February 24th on Earth). It was held up to the rock Adirondack, whereby it scraped to a depth of 2.85 mm over the course of 3 hours. Since then it has been used on numerous Martian rocks surrounding the landing site.

The RAT was originally controlled from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, but is now run by Honeybee Robotics LTD from their New York headquarters. The RAT is the first product of Honeybee Robotics LTD’s to be sent into space by NASA.

The Ashman phenomenon, also known as Ashman beats, describes a particular type of wide complex tachycardia (fast rhythm of the heart) that is often seen in atrial fibrillation. In particular, it is important because it can be misinterpreted as non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.

Ashman beats are described as wide complex QRS complexes that follow a short R-R interval preceded by a long R-R interval. This wide QRS complex represents an abberantly conducted complex that originates above the AV node, rather than a complex that originates in either the right or left ventricle.

See also

• Atrial fibrillation
• Electrocardiogram

Barlow’s Wheel is the name given to an early demonstration of a homopolar motor, designed and built by English mathematician and physicist, Peter Barlow in 1822. An electric current passes through the hub of the wheel to a mercury contact on the rim; this is contained in a small trough through which the rim passes. Due to health and safety considerations brine is sometimes used today in place of mercury. The interaction of the current with the magnetic field of a U-magnet causes the wheel to rotate. The presence of serrations on the wheel is unnecessary and the apparatus will work with a round metal disk, usually made of copper.

“The points of the wheel, R, dip into mercury contained in a groove hollowed in the stand. A more rapid revolution will be obtained if a small electro-magnet be substituted for a steel magnet, as is shown in the cut. The electro-magnet is fixed to the stand, and included in the circuit with the spur-wheel, so that the current flows through them in succession. Hence the direction of the rotation will not be changed by reversing that of the current; since the polarity of the electromagnet will also be reversed.”

(Excerpt taken from the 1842 edition of the Manual of Magnetism, page 94)

F5b is a type of remote control electric model aircraft contest that consists of doing as many laps as possible between 2 poles 150 meters apart in 200 seconds followed by 10 minutes of thermalling, and then landing on a 30 meter landing circle. The laps must be made while gliding only, no motor allowed, so the motor is used to rapidly climb and power into the course. There is a limit of 10 climbs, so to get more than 20 laps (a complete circuit- to the far pole & back- is 2 laps) the plane must climb high and glide 4 laps. A typical F5b aircraft is commonly referred to as a hotliner. For more information on the rules, one may refer to Fédération Aéronautique Internationale(FAI) Sporting Code Volume F5 Radio Control - Electric Powered pg. 12 http://www.f5d.org/reglement/FAI/sc4.vol.f5.07.pdf

The Bridlington Free Press is owned by Johnston Press (Johnston Press New Media) and an online edition is available at www.bridlingtontoday.co.uk.

A new edition of the paper is released every Thursday.

The free alternative in Bridlington is the Bridlington Gazette & Herald.

Triquetra () is a word derived from the Latin tri- (”three”) and quetrus (”cornered”). Its original meaning was simply “triangle” and it has been used to refer to various three-cornered shapes. Nowadays, it has come to refer exclusively to a certain more complicated shape formed of three vesicae piscis, sometimes with an added circle in or around it.

Resemblance to valknut

The triquetra has been found on runestones in northern Europe, and upon early Scandinavian coins. It presumably had pagan religious meaning, and it bears a resemblance to the Odin Knot or Valknut. Some have suggested that, like the valknut, triquetrae may have been a symbol of Odin.

Celtic art

The triquetra is often found in Insular art, most notably metal work and in illuminated manuscripts like the Book of Kells. While it is uncertain what the symbol may have meant to the Celts, it is often found as a design element in larger drawings of triskeles or triple spirals.

Christian use

The symbol was later used by Christians as a symbol of the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). This appropriation was particularly easy because the triquetra conveniently incorporated three shapes that could be interpreted as Christian Ιχθυς symbols.

Modern use

Neopaganism

Modern Neopagans use the triquetra to symbolize a variety of personal and traditional beliefs. Germanic Neopagan and Heathen groups who use the triquetra to symbolize their faith generally believe it is originally of Norse and Germanic origins. Celtic Reconstructionist Pagans use the triquetra either to represent one of the various triplicities in their cosmology and theology (such as the tripartite division of the world into the realms of Land, Sea and Sky), or as a symbol of one of the specific triple Goddesses, most notably the Morrígan. It is also sometimes used by Wiccans and some New Agers to symbolize either the Wiccan triple goddess or the triplicities of mind, body, and soul.

In popular culture

The symbol has become especially popular due to its use on the cover of the “Book of Shadows” used by the three sisters on the American TV show Charmed. It is also one of the four symbols on the cover of the Led Zeppelin album, Led Zeppelin IV, where it represented bassist John Paul Jones. The band Payable on Death (P.O.D.) also uses this symbol on most of their CD covers. In Switchfoot’s music video for the song “We Are One Tonight”, the symbol was prominently tattooed on an actor’s back. The triquetra is used as a symbol to represent the Trinity on The New King James Version Bibles, published by Thomas Nelson, Inc. The symbol is also seen on the cover of the Dungeons & Dragons game, Forgotten Realms Campaign. It has recently been adopted as the new logo of the Ontario New Democratic Party in Canada. In the MMORPG Maple Story, a Triquetra is engraved upon the Boss Monster Zakum’s bottom two arms (Arms 7 and 8).The interlaced double Triquetra also appears on The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion steel short sword hilt.
It is also part of the plot of the film Constantine.
The Triquetra can also be seen painted to the inside of the ship that Shrek sails away on in Dreamwork’s movie Shrek the Third

It is often used artistically as a design element when Celtic knotwork is used, and many who identify as modern Celts may use the symbol as an identification with Celtic culture, whether they live in the Celtic Nations or the diaspora.

Geometry

Topologically, the interlaced form of the plain triquetra is a trefoil knot.

Gallery of variant forms

See also

• Triskelion
• Triquetrum
• Triple Goddess
  
• Celtic knot

External links

• Johnson’s theorem on MathWorld
• Triquetra at About.com
• The Triquetra and the Three Stages of a Woman’s Life

The Galician pony is a breed of pony developed in northwestern Spain that has had an influence on the Galiceno breed in Mexico. It is thought to have developed partly from the Garrano pony of Portugal. The ponies are hardy and rugged. They have a size between a pony and a normal horse, and have a short body and strong legs. They have a straight profile, and usually are chestnut in color.Galician

The ponies are currently used for riding and meat production, although they were originally used to produce brushes from their mane hairs. A herdbook was formed in 1994.

A 1973 study by Pedro Iglesias estimated more than 20,000 Galician ponies are free in the mountains of Northwestern Spain. Nevertheless, it is thought that their numbers have probably decreased. Once a year, the semi-wild herd is driven from the mountains to the “curro,” where the ponies are branded and their manes and tails are cut. Some are sold, while the rest are set free.

References