The term acetogen refers to a bacterium that generates acetate as a product of anaerobic respiration. This process is different from acetate fermentation, although both occur in the absence of oxygen and produce acetate. These organisms are also referred to as acetogenic bacteria, because all known acetogens are bacteria.

Acetogens are found in a variety of habitats, generally those that are anaerobic (lack oxygen). Acetogens can use a variety of compounds as sources of energy and carbon; the best studied form of acetogenic metabolism involves the use of carbon dioxide as a carbon source and hydrogen as an energy source.

A carbon planet, also referred to as a diamond planet or carbide planet, is a theoretical type of planet proposed by Marc Kuchner that could form if protoplanetary discs are carbon-rich and oxygen-poor. According to planetary science, it would develop differently from Earth, Mars and Venus, planets made up mostly of silicon-oxygen compounds.

Such a planet would probably have an iron-rich core like the known terrestrial planets. Surrounding that would be silicon carbide and titanium carbide. Above that, a layer of carbon in the form of graphite, possibly with a kilometers-thick substratum of diamond if there is sufficient pressure. The surface would contain hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Extraterrestrial life might be possible if water is present, but the highly reducing environment could result in metabolism taking the opposite approach to that of terrestrial life, with oxygen-bearing compounds being eaten as food to react with the carbon-based atmosphere.

The pulsar [[PSR 1257+12]] may possess carbon planets that formed from the disruption of a carbon-producing star. Carbon planets might also be located near the galactic core, where stars have more carbon.

Carbon planets are predicted to be of similar diameter to silicate and water planets of the same mass, potentially making them difficult to distinguish.

References

External links

• Marc J. Kuchner, Extrasolar Carbon Planets

A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide is comprised of three parts: A nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1′ carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2′ carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5′ carbon of the sugar.

When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3′ carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration synthesis. New nucleotides are always added to the 3′ carbon of the last nucleotide, so synthesis always proceeds from 5′ to 3′.

External links

Carbon intensity is the ratio of carbon emissions to economic activity or some other activity. It is typically reported as the change in the ratio of the two.

Carbon intensity can also be a measure of carbon emissions versus primary energy.

Both measurements are a reflection of the efficiency of the economy with respect to carbon emissions which cause climate change.

Carbon intensity, or “greenhouse gas intensity” is the measure of emissions used in the U.S. Clear Skies Act, which pledges to cut greenhouse gas intensity by 18% by 2012.

Environmentalists have criticised carbon intensity as a tool for policy makers. Reductions in carbon intensity do not mean a reduction in actual carbon emissions. From 1990 to 2000 the carbon intensity of the U.S. economy declined by 17 percent yet total emissions increased by 14 percent. Fischlowitz-Roberts, Bernie (2002). “Carbon Emissions Climbing.” Retrieved 2006-08-12. In 2002, the U.S. National Environmental trust labelled carbon intensity, “a bookkeeping trick which allows the administration to do nothing about global warming while unsafe levels of emissions continue to rise.”National Environmental Trust (2002). “Special Reports.” Retrieved 2006-08-12.

See also

• List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions
• low carbon economy

References

External links

• Washington Post article with an example of change in carbon intensity
• IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

This article is a list of enzymes, sorted by their EC numbers as determined by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

EC 1. Oxidoreductases

• EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
• EC 1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
• EC 1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
• EC 1.4 Acting on the CH-NH₂ group of donors
• EC 1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors
• EC 1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH
• EC 1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
• EC 1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors
• EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors
• EC 1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
• EC 1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor
• EC 1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor
• EC 1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
• EC 1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
• EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor
• EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions
• EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH₂ groups
• EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
• EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
• EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
• EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
• EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases
• EC 1.98 Enzymes using H₂ as reductant
• EC 1.99 Other enzymes using O₂ as oxidant

EC 2. Transferases

• EC 2.1 Transferring One-Carbon Groups
• EC 2.2 Transferring Aldehyde or Ketonic Groups
• EC 2.3 Acyltransferases
• EC 2.4 Glycosyltransferases
• EC 2.5 Transferring Alkyl or Aryl Groups, Other than Methyl Groups
• EC 2.6 Transferring Nitrogenous Groups
• EC 2.7 Transferring Phosphorus-Containing Groups
• EC 2.8 Transferring Sulfur-Containing Groups
• EC 2.9 Transferring Selenium-Containing Groups

EC 3. Hydrolases

• EC 3.1 Acting on Ester Bonds
• EC 3.2 Glycosylases
• EC 3.3 Acting on Ether Bonds
• EC 3.4 Acting on peptide bonds (Peptidases)
• EC 3.5 Acting on Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds, other than Peptide Bonds
• EC 3.6 Acting on Acid Anhydrides
• EC 3.7 Acting on Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 3.8 Acting on Halide Bonds
• EC 3.9 Acting on Phosphorus-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.10 Acting on Sulfur-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.11 Acting on Carbon-Phosphorus Bonds
• EC 3.12 Acting on Sulfur-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 3.13 Acting on Carbon-Sulfur Bonds

EC 4. Lyases

• EC 4.1 Carbon-Carbon Lyases
• EC 4.2 Carbon-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.3 Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases
• EC 4.4 Carbon-Sulfur Lyases
• EC 4.5 Carbon-Halide Lyases
• EC 4.6 Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.99 Other Lyases

EC 5. Isomerases

• EC 5.1 Racemases and Epimerases
• EC 5.2 cis-trans-Isomerases
• EC 5.3 Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
• EC 5.4 Intramolecular Transferases
• EC 5.5 Intramolecular Lyases
• EC 5.99 Other Isomerases

EC 6. Ligases

• EC 6.1 Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
• EC 6.2 Forming Carbon-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 6.3 Forming Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 6.4 Forming Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 6.5 Forming Phosphoric Ester Bonds
• EC 6.6 Forming Nitrogen—Metal Bonds

In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, also somewhat misleadingly called the dark reactions (they don’t require darkness, but they do require the products of the light reactions), are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. It occurs in the stroma, the fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes. These reactions, unlike the light-dependent reactions, do not need light to occur; hence the term dark reactions. These reactions take the products of the light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are two light-independent reactions: carbon fixation and the Calvin-Benson cycle.

However in CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, carbon fixation actually does take place at night.

Carbon fixation

Main article: carbon fixation

The carbon fixation reaction is the first step of the light-independent reactions. Carbon from carbon dioxide is “fixed” into a larger carbohydrate. Three pathways to occur: C3 carbon fixation (the most common), C4 carbon fixation, and CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism). C3 fixation occurs as the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle in all plants. C4 plants first fix carbon dioxide into malate, which is then used to supply carbon dioxide in the middle of the night to the Calvin-Benson cycle. CAM plants perform a similar process.

Calvin cycle

The Calvin-Benson cycle takes carbon dioxide and converts it to glucose, which the plant uses for energy.

External links

• The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Carbonfund.org Foundation is a non-profit organization that provides carbon offsetting products to individuals and businesses. Originally, it purchased and retired carbon credits on the Chicago Climate Exchange, of which it is still a member, but now it focuses on projects in renewable energy, energy efficiency and carbon sequestration.

External links

• Carbonfund.org

Shaft mining or Shaft sinking refers to the method of excavating a vertical or near-vertical tunnel from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom.
When the top of the excavation is surface it is referred to as a shaft, when the top of the excavation is underground it is called a winze.

Off-shaft Access

The mine shaft is used to access to an underground mining facility. Horizontal workings off the shaft are called drifts, galleries or levels, these extend from the central shaft towards the ore body. The point of contact between these levels and the shaft itself is known as the inset, or shaft station.

Surface facilities

On the surface above the shaft stands a building known as the headframe (or poppet head or pit head). Depending on the type of hoist used the top of the headframe will either house a hoist motor or a sheave wheel (with the hoist motor mounted on the ground).
The headframe will also contain bins for storing ore being transferred to the processing facility. If the shaft is used for mine ventilaton a plenum or casing, is incorporated into the headframe to ensure the proper flow of air into and out of the mine.

Shaft lining

In North and South America, smaller shafts are designed to be rectangular with titmber supports. Larger shafts are round and are concrete lined.

Shaft compartments

A mine shaft is split into multiple compartments. The largest compartment is used for the cage, a conveyance used for moving workers and supplies below the surface. It functions in a similar manner to an elevator. The second compartment is the skip, used to transport ore to the surface. Smaller mining operations use a skip mounted underneath the cage, rather than a separate device. The third compartment is used for an emergency exit; it may house an auxiliary cage or a system of ladders. An additional compartment houses mine services such as high voltage cables and pipes for transfer of water, compressed air or diesel fuel.

See also

• Underground mining (hard rock)
• Drift mining

Notes and references

External links

• Abandoned Mine Shafts & Tunnels

A parking pawl is a device fitted to a car’s automatic transmission that locks up the transmission. It is engaged when the shift selector is placed in the Park position, which is always the first position (topmost on a column shift, frontmost on a floor shift) in all cars sold in the United States since 1965 (when the order was standardised by the SAE) and in most other vehicles worldwide.

The parking pawl locks the transmission’s output shaft to the transmission casing by engaging a pawl (a pin) that engages in a notched wheel on the shaft, stopping it (and thus the driven wheels) from turning.

Most manufacturers and mechanics do not recommend using the transmission’s parking pawl as the sole means of securing a parked car, instead recommending it should be used as a backup for the car’s parking brake. Constant use of the parking pawl only, especially when parking on an incline, means that driveline components are kept constantly under stress, and can cause wear and eventual failure of the parking pawl. Replacement can be an expensive operation since it generally requires removing the transmission from the car.

It is also not recommended to use the parking pawl to stop a vehicle in motion. The pawl mechanism is not strong enough to stop a vehicle in motion or may not engage at all. Under that much stress, the pawl may break off in the transmission, leading to costly repairs.

In electrical engineering, brushes conduct current between stationary wires and moving parts, most commonly in a rotating shaft. Most importantly, in an electric motor, an alternator or electric generator, the coils of the rotor have to be connected. To accomplish this, two metal (copper or brass) ’slip rings’ are affixed on the shaft and springs press braided copper wire ‘brushes’ onto the rings which conduct the current. Later, these copper wire brushes were replaced with carbon blocks — but these blocks are still called brushes. As the brushes are slowly abraded, they may have to be replaced, if this is possible.

If the copper rings are split into parts with “interlaced” connections, the arrangement is called a commutator.

Metal fiber brushes are currently being developed again. These brushes may have advantages over current carbon brushes, but have not yet seen wide implementation.

See Also

External links

• Article in maintenanceworld.com
• Ace Carbon
• HiPerCon LLC, Metal Fiber Brushes

“Wires” is a song by the British rock band Athlete from their second album, Tourist. It was released 17 January 2005 as the lead single from that album, peaking at #4 in the UK Singles Chart (see 2005 in British music). The song was written by lead singer Joel Potts, about his daughter who was born prematurely.

“Wires” was one of the first tracks available in iTunes Plus, after EMI and iTunes launched the new format on May 31, 2007

Track listings

• 7″

ATH007

1. “Wires” (radio edit) - 4:05
2. “Transformer Man” - 3:18

• CD CDATH007

1. “Wires” (radio edit) - 4:05
2. “Never Running Out” - 4:26

• Maxi-CD CDATHS007

1. “Wires” (radio edit) - 4:05
2. “Never Running Out” - 4:26
3. “Get It Back” - 1:47
4. “Wires” (video)

External link

• Athlete.mu - official website

Old Men Forget is a 1953 autobiography by Duff Cooper, Viscount Norwich, detailing his Victorian childhood, Edwardian youth, and work in literature and politics. The title is taken from a famous speech by the King in William Shakespeare’s Henry V: “Old men forget: yet all shall be forgot/But he’ll remember with advantages/What feats he did that day. Then shall our names,/Familiar in his mouth as household words,/Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter,/Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,/Be in their flowing cups freshly remember’d.”

Dacheng is a type of martial art developed in China. Like many other forms of fighting (kung fu, karate, jujutsu), it is based on the movements of animals.

Dacheng Quan (”Way of Fist of Dacheng”) was developed in 1965 as a branch of Kung Fu. Today, it is taught in basic military.

The literal translation of Dacheng Quan is “Greatly successful way of the fist” (Da Cheng Quan) (pronounced dah cheng chuan)

External links

• The official website for Dacheng

Muggles is the title of a recording by Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra, recorded in Chicago on December 7, 1928. The title refers to Muggles as a slang term for marijuana; Armstrong was an enthusiastic user of muggles, which was legal in most U. S. states at the time.

The personnel of this recording were, in addition to Armstrong on trumpet, Fred Robinson, trombone; Jimmy Strong, clarinet; Earl Hines, piano; Mancy Carr (not “Cara” as his name has been too often misspelled) on banjo, and Zutty Singleton on drums. “Muggles” is in the 12 bar blues form. It starts out with some rather modernistic piano work for the times with Singleton playing sensitively on the brushes. Robinson then takes a gutsy lead without breaking the mood, followed by a chorus by Strong showing the influence of Jimmie Noone. The rest of the band then stops for 2 measures while Armstrong starts a chorus on an adventuresome break subtly playing with the rhythm. The horns then play chords behind Armstrong’s excellent 2 choruses of solo. The rhythm gently suggests doubletime on the first chorus, giving a sense of acceleration without actually speeding up the tempo, then returns to the dreamy feel of the tune’s beginning for the final chorus, with Hines creating fills behind Armstrong.

This was the only side issued from the recording session that day. It is one of the last 4 sides Armstrong made before moving to New York City where, while Armstrong remained magnificent, the bands backing him up were often less interesting, and he switched from recording original compositions to covering popular songs. “Muggles” is regarded as one of Armstrong’s masterpieces. It was originally issued on Okeh 8703, a “78″ disc in Okeh’s “race record” series. The recording has been reissued numerous times since, and is available on several different compact discs today. The tune has been covered by later jazz musicians, including Nicholas Payton.

Gilbert Hotel is a 2003 solo album by Paul Gilbert formerly of the heavy metal band Racer X and the hard rock band Mr. Big. It was initially released as a bonus CD with his compilation album Paul the Young Dude/The Best of Paul Gilbert.

Track listing

All songs written by Paul Gilbert except where noted.

1. “Three Times Rana” – 3:36
2. “Black Rain Cloud” – 3:56
3. “Escalator Music” (Instrumental) – 1:26
4. “Lay Off the Morphine” – 2:54
5. “N.F.R.O.” (Instrumental) – 0:56 (J. S. Bach)
6. “Older Guy” – 2:49
7. “The Lamb Lies Down On Broadway” – 4:56 (Peter Gabriel/Steve Hackett/Tony Banks/Mike Rutherford/Phil Collins)
8. “Time to Let You Go” – 3:17 (Donnie Vie)
9. “W.T.R.O.” (Instrumental) – 2:56 (J. S. Bach)
10. “Universal” – 2:24

• Track 7 originally recorded by Genesis on the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
• Track 8 originally recorded by Enuff Z’nuff on the album Strength.
• Tracks 5 & 9 arranged by Paul Gilbert.

Personnel

• Paul Gilbert – vocals, guitars, bass guitar, bongos, brushes and other things

• Scott Coogan – drums (Track 1), percussion and vocals (Track
• Linus of Hollywood – guitars and vocals (Track

Production

• Assistant Producer – Warren Huart
• Assistant Mixer – Warren Huart

Zero Delta is a set of enterprise-wide methods that are designed to integrate the corporate planning and strategy formulation processes with initiative and programme execution processes. The objective of Zero Delta is to eliminate the deltas between ‘what an organization sets out to accomplish’ and ‘what an organization actually accomplishes’ vis-a-vis its business and operational strategies.

Zero Delta is complementary to Six Sigma, and can be leveraged in concert with Six Sigma methods and their corresponding business practices or can be leveraged as a stand alone set of methods.

The Zero Delta Center for Enterprise Alignment is responsible for conducting research and development activities vis-a-vis Zero Delta and has created a set of software systems designed to automate the methods.

Formal courses on Zero Delta methods are available through:

Zero Delta University (Enterprise Alignment & Enterprise Architecture)

The Zero Delta Center for Enterprise Alignment web site provides more particulars about the various methods and tools leveraged throughout the methodology.

Zero Delta Center for Enterprise Alignment (Enterprise Alignment & Enterprise Architecture)

The EU Moldova Action Plan EU-Moldova Action Plan is a political document laying out the strategic objectives of the cooperation between Moldova and the EU. It covers a timeframe of three years. Its implementation will help fulfil the provisions in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) and will encourage and support Moldova’s objective of further integration into European economic and social structures. Implementation of the Action Plan will significantly advance the approximation of Moldovan legislation, norms and standards to those of the European Union.

References

The Sacagawea River is a tributary of the Musselshell River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in north-central Montana in the United States. It rises on the plains of northern Fergus County and flows eastward. The river formerly joined the Musselshell five miles above the confluence of the Musselshell with the Missouri, but it now flows into the arm of Fort Peck Lake on the Missouri formed by the mouth of the Musselshell.

The river was explored during the Lewis and Clark Expedition and named after their guide, Sacagawea.

See also

• List of Montana rivers

http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/sacajawea.html
look on this website

External links

• Naming of the River
• North Central Montana relief map

The Law on the National Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem (Spanish: Ley sobre el Escudo, la Bandera y el Himno Nacionales) is a set of rules and guidelines passed by the Mexican government on the display and use of the flag (bandera), coat of arms (escudo) and the anthem (himno). The original law was passed in 1984 and it contains 7 chapters, a preamble and a section that contains the lyrics of the national anthem. The law itself was changed several times, most recently in 2005.

Chapter One

It consists of two sentences, simply stating that the flag, arms and anthem are the symbols of the country and that this law was established to render honor and respect to the symbols.

Chapter Two

Consisting of three articles, this chapter contains brief discriptions of each national symbol. Article two describes the coat of arms, article 3 describes the flag and explains that the national anthem will be established according to other laws. Each article states that a copy of each symbol will be kept at the General National Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) and the National History Museum (Museo Nacional de Historia).

Chapter Three

Consisting of two articles, this chapter describes how the coat of arms can be made or used. Article 4 states that the coat of arms will be made according to what was stated in Chapter 2 of this law and Article 5 states that certain officials, documents, seals and laws can be affixed with a special coat of arms. The difference with this coat of arms is that the entire arms is black and white, and the words “Estados Unidos Mexicanos” (United Mexican States) appear in a semi-circle at the top of the arms, between the olive branch and the oak wreath. Article 5 also states that the coat of arms can be affixed to vehicles operated by the government, such as vehilces that transport the President of Mexico.

Chapter Four

This chapter, which describes about the national flag in detail, is the longest of the three chapters on each symbol. Consisting of thirty articles, this chapter lists dates on when the Mexican flag is flown and how it is flown, about the various honors that is presented to the flag and the various flag devices that can be used, such as the presidential sash and the corbata.

External

links

• Law on the National Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem in www.cddhcu.gob.mx (Camara de Diputados - H. Congreso de la Union webpage) (pdf)
• Law on the National Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem (Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM) (HTML)

Radio frequency engineering is the analysis and design of circuits at frequencies where transmission lines are comparable to the wavelength. It includes the study of amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, demodulators (including PLLs) and antennas. This is relevant to broadcasting, radar, wireless computer networks etc. Typical frequencies of commercial radio frequency systems are from 10 Megahertz (10e6) to 16Gigahertz(16e9.)

See also

• Broadcast engineering

Slip It In is a Black Flag album released in 1984.

“Slip It In” is an extension of the sound Black Flag utilised on its predecessor “My War”, that is: heavy, intense, dense and progressive. It also featured Rollins’ further development as a songwriter, contributing to four out of eight tracks on the album and the debut of bassist Kira Roessler.

Unlike “My War”, with a first half offered some consolation to fans of the conventional punk rock of “Damaged”, “Slip It In” aggressively pursued the new sound that Black Flag would develop until their demise. Critics said that their new sound was more heavy metal than the punk rock the band had been famous for.

“Slip It In” also demonstrates Black Flag’s increasing use of instrumentals with the menacing “Obliteration” where Greg Ginn demonstrates his new, more complex playing style. Fan favorites include “Black Coffee” and “Wound Up”.

The title track features a then fifteen year old Suzi Gardner, who would later become a founding member of L7, doing vocals and moaning.

Track listing

1. “Slip It In” – 6:17 (Ginn)
2. “Black Coffee” – 4:53 (Ginn)
3. “Wound Up” – 4:17 (Ginn/Rollins)
4. “Rat’s Eyes” – 3:57 (Ginn/Rollins)
5. “Obliteration” – 5:51 (Ginn)
6. “The Bars” – 4:20 (Dukowski/Rollins)
7. “My Ghetto” – 2:02 (Ginn/Rollins)
8. “You’re Not Evil” – 7:00 (Ginn)

Personnel

• Henry Rollins - vocals
• Greg Ginn - guitar, producer
• Kira Roessler - bass
• Bill Stevenson - drums, producer
• Davo Claassen - backing vocals
• Suzi Gardner - backing vocals
• Chuck Dukowski - Screams on “You’re Not Evil”
• Spot - producer, engineer, mixer
• Raymond Pettibon - artwork

A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce light. The first gas laser, the Helium-neon, was co-invented by American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr. and Iranian physicist Ali Javan in 1960.

Advantages

• High volume of active material
• Active material is relatively inexpensive
• Almost impossible to damage the active material
• Heat can be removed quickly from the cavity

Types of gas laser

• Helium-neon laser
• Xenon laser
• Nitrogen laser
• Carbon dioxide laser
• Ion laser
• Gas dynamic laser

See also

• List of laser types
• List of Star Wars weapons

Boudouard reaction is the redox reaction of chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse

2CO <math> \rightleftharpoons </math> CO₂ + C

According to the Ellingham diagram, the formation enthalpy of CO₂ by oxidation of carbon is constant and indifferent of the temperature, while the formation enthalpy of CO is a decreasing line. The Boudouard reaction implies that on lower temperatures the equilibrium is on the exothermic carbon dioxide side and on higher temperatures the endothermic formation of carbon monoxide is the dominant product, as predicted by the Le Chatelier’s Principle.

For instance, in the high-temperature, reducing environment of a smokestack, carbon monoxide is the stable product. When the carbon monoxide reaches the top of the smokestack, and the cooler air, the Boudouard Reaction takes place, the carbon monoxide is oxidized into carbon dioxide, and the graphite precipitates (reduces) as soot. The Ellingham diagram defines the equilibrium formation enthalpy on function of temperature.

In industrial catalysis, this is not just an eyesore; the coking can cause irreversible damage to catalysts and catalyst beds. This reaction takes also place in blast furnace where carbon monoxide is used as the reductive agent on purifying metallic iron from its oxides in ore.

The North Midlands is a loosely-defined area of England. It is typically held to include the northern parts of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and in some definitions also covers southern parts of Cheshire and parts of Lincolnshire and Staffordshire.

See also: East Midlands, West Midlands, South Midlands.

Kinoite (Ca₂Cu₂Si₃O₁₀-2H₂O) is a light blue copper mineral. It is somewhat scarce. It has a monoclinic crystal system, vitreous luster, and is transparent to translucent. It can be found in the Santa Rita Mountains and the Christmas Mine in Arizona and a few copper mines.

External links

• mineral.galleries.com