This article is a list of enzymes, sorted by their EC numbers as determined by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

EC 1. Oxidoreductases

• EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
• EC 1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
• EC 1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
• EC 1.4 Acting on the CH-NH₂ group of donors
• EC 1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors
• EC 1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH
• EC 1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
• EC 1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors
• EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors
• EC 1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
• EC 1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor
• EC 1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor
• EC 1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
• EC 1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
• EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor
• EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions
• EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH₂ groups
• EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
• EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
• EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
• EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
• EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases
• EC 1.98 Enzymes using H₂ as reductant
• EC 1.99 Other enzymes using O₂ as oxidant

EC 2. Transferases

• EC 2.1 Transferring One-Carbon Groups
• EC 2.2 Transferring Aldehyde or Ketonic Groups
• EC 2.3 Acyltransferases
• EC 2.4 Glycosyltransferases
• EC 2.5 Transferring Alkyl or Aryl Groups, Other than Methyl Groups
• EC 2.6 Transferring Nitrogenous Groups
• EC 2.7 Transferring Phosphorus-Containing Groups
• EC 2.8 Transferring Sulfur-Containing Groups
• EC 2.9 Transferring Selenium-Containing Groups

EC 3. Hydrolases

• EC 3.1 Acting on Ester Bonds
• EC 3.2 Glycosylases
• EC 3.3 Acting on Ether Bonds
• EC 3.4 Acting on peptide bonds (Peptidases)
• EC 3.5 Acting on Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds, other than Peptide Bonds
• EC 3.6 Acting on Acid Anhydrides
• EC 3.7 Acting on Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 3.8 Acting on Halide Bonds
• EC 3.9 Acting on Phosphorus-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.10 Acting on Sulfur-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.11 Acting on Carbon-Phosphorus Bonds
• EC 3.12 Acting on Sulfur-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 3.13 Acting on Carbon-Sulfur Bonds

EC 4. Lyases

• EC 4.1 Carbon-Carbon Lyases
• EC 4.2 Carbon-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.3 Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases
• EC 4.4 Carbon-Sulfur Lyases
• EC 4.5 Carbon-Halide Lyases
• EC 4.6 Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.99 Other Lyases

EC 5. Isomerases

• EC 5.1 Racemases and Epimerases
• EC 5.2 cis-trans-Isomerases
• EC 5.3 Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
• EC 5.4 Intramolecular Transferases
• EC 5.5 Intramolecular Lyases
• EC 5.99 Other Isomerases

EC 6. Ligases

• EC 6.1 Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
• EC 6.2 Forming Carbon-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 6.3 Forming Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 6.4 Forming Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 6.5 Forming Phosphoric Ester Bonds
• EC 6.6 Forming Nitrogen—Metal Bonds

The EU Moldova Action Plan EU-Moldova Action Plan is a political document laying out the strategic objectives of the cooperation between Moldova and the EU. It covers a timeframe of three years. Its implementation will help fulfil the provisions in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) and will encourage and support Moldova’s objective of further integration into European economic and social structures. Implementation of the Action Plan will significantly advance the approximation of Moldovan legislation, norms and standards to those of the European Union.

References

The Sacagawea River is a tributary of the Musselshell River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in north-central Montana in the United States. It rises on the plains of northern Fergus County and flows eastward. The river formerly joined the Musselshell five miles above the confluence of the Musselshell with the Missouri, but it now flows into the arm of Fort Peck Lake on the Missouri formed by the mouth of the Musselshell.

The river was explored during the Lewis and Clark Expedition and named after their guide, Sacagawea.

See also

• List of Montana rivers

http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/sacajawea.html
look on this website

External links

• Naming of the River
• North Central Montana relief map

A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce light. The first gas laser, the Helium-neon, was co-invented by American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr. and Iranian physicist Ali Javan in 1960.

Advantages

• High volume of active material
• Active material is relatively inexpensive
• Almost impossible to damage the active material
• Heat can be removed quickly from the cavity

Types of gas laser

• Helium-neon laser
• Xenon laser
• Nitrogen laser
• Carbon dioxide laser
• Ion laser
• Gas dynamic laser

See also

• List of laser types
• List of Star Wars weapons

A welding power supply is a device that provides an electrical current to perform welding. Welding usually requires high current (over 80 amps) and it can need above 12,000 amps in spot welding. Low current can also be used; welding two razor blades together at 5 amps with gas tungsten arc welding is a good example. A welding power supply can be as simple as a car battery and as sophisticated as a modern machine based on silicon controlled rectifier technology with additional logic to assist in the welding process.

Classification

Welding machines are usually classified as constant current (CC) or constant voltage (CV); a constant current machine will vary its output voltage to maintain a steady current while a constant voltage machine will fluctuate its output current to maintain a set voltage. Shielded metal arc welding will use a constant current source and gas metal arc welding and flux-cored arc welding typically use constant voltage sources but constant current is also possible with a voltage sensing wire feeder.

The nature of the CV machine is required by gas metal arc welding and flux-cored arc welding because the welder is not able to control the arc length manually. If a welder attempted to use a CV machine to weld with shielded metal arc welding the small fluctuations in the arc distance would cause wide fluctuations in the machine’s output. With a CC machine the welder can count on a fixed number of amps reaching the material to be welded regardless of the arc distance but too much distance will cause poor welding.

Machine construction

Most welding machines are of the following designs:

Transformer

A transformer style welding machine converts the high voltage and low current electricity from the utility into a high current and low voltage, typically between 17 to 45 volts and 190 to 590 amps. This type of machine typically allows the welder to select the output current by either moving the core of the transformer in and out of the magnetic field or by allowing the welder to select from a set of taps on the transformer. These machines are typically the least
expensive to purchase for hobbyist use.

Generator and alternator

Welding machines may also use generators or alternators to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Modern machines of this type are usually driven by an internal combustion engine but some older machines may also use an electric motor to drive the alternator or generator. In this configuration the utility power is converted first into mechanical energy then back into electrical energy to achieve the step-down effect similar to a transformer. Because
the output of the generator can be direct current, these older machines can produce DC from AC without any need for
rectifiers of any type.

Inverter

Since the advent of high-power semiconductors such as the IGBT, it is now possible to build a switching power supply
capable of coping with the high loads of arc welding. These are known as inverter welding units. These supplies
generally convert utility power to high voltage and store this energy in a capacitor bank; a microprocessor controller
then switches this energy into a second transformer as needed to produce the desired welding current. The frequency
of switching is very high- typically at least 10,000 Hz and often much higher. Because of this high frequency,
inverter-based welding machines can be much more efficient than transformer-based machines.

The actual IGBTs in an inverter based machine are controlled entirely in software, by a microcontroller, so the electrical characteristics of the welding power can be changed by software in real time updates. Typically the
controller software will implement features such as pulsing the welding current, variable ratios and current densities
through a welding cycle, variable frequencies, and automatic spot-welding; all of which would be prohibitively
expensive in a transformer-based machine but require only program space in software-controlled inverter machine.

References

• http://www.millerwelds.com/education/articles/articles31.html - Miller Electric news release on IGBT technology for welding inverters 8 April 2003

• http://www.lincolnelectric.com/knowledge/articles/content/inverter.asp -Inverter Based Welding Power Supplies for Welding Aluminum By Frank G. Armao, The Lincoln Electric Company ( Lincoln Electric tutorial on inverter-based welding machines )

For the French commune, see Baren, Haute-Garonne.

Baren (馬連、馬楝) ‘ is a Japanese tool used in printmaking processes such as woodcut or linoleum. The baren is a disk like device with a flat bottom and on the reverse side, a knotted handle. The baren is used to burnish (firmly rub) the paper to pick up ink that has been rolled onto a wood or linoleum cut with a hand roller called a brayer. Ink can also be applied to the block using brushes following the methods used in Japan where the baren originated. A disk inside the Baren takes 40-50 days to create, as the craftsman glues one sheet of paper on the disk each day. The disk must then dry for a year’s time before the baren is assembled. Other parts of the Baren are woven and formed from parts of the bamboo plant, requiring the skill of a true master. Only one known person in Japan is still making traditional baren for a living. Large wooden spoons are also used as burnishing tools in printmaking.

A carbon-hydrogen bond is a single bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms, most commonly found in organic compounds. Carbon-hydrogen bonds have a bond length of 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10^-10 m) and a bond energy of 413 kJ/mol.
Using Paulings scale; C (2.5), H (2.1) the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.4. The bond type this electronegativity difference determines is generally regarded as being non-polar.

See also

• Hydrocarbon

In the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6 is a locomotive with a two-wheeled leading truck, six driving wheels, and a six-wheeled trailing truck. All the locomotives produced of this arrangement have been tank locomotives, and the vast majority in the United States. It was a popular arrangement for the larger Mason Bogies, as well as some of the largest suburban tank locomotives.

Microbial cellulose is a form of cellulose that is produced by bacteria.

Production

Bacteria from the species of Aerobacter, Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Alacaligenes, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Sarcina synthesize cellulose. However, only the Acetobacter species produce enough cellulose to justify commercial interest. The most extensively studied member of the Acetobacter species is A. xylinus, formerly known as A. xylinum.

A.xylinus extrudes glucan chains from pores into the growth medium. These aggregate into microfibrils, which bundle to form microbial cellulose ribbons.Various kinds of sugars are used as substrate. Production occurs mostly at the interface of liquid and air. This is due to the high oxygen demand of the Acetobacter.

Advantages Over Plant Cellulose

Some advantages of microbial cellulose over plant cellulose include:

• Finer structure
• No hemicellulose or lignin need to be removed
• Longer fiber length: much stronger
• Can be grown to virtually any shape

Disadvantages for Commercial Use

Some issues that prevented larger scale commerciaization so far include:

• High price (about 100 x more than plant cellulose)
  • Because of high priced substrates: sugars
  • Low volumetric yields
• Lack of large scale production capacity

Potential Future Improvements

• Use of cheaper substrates (e.g. lactose)
• Better production methods
  • Bio reactors: rotating biological contactors, membrane reactors

Uses

Potential and Current Products

• Wound dressing
• Matrix for electronic paper
• Scaffolds for tissue engineering
• High strength paper
• Artificial blood vessels
• Diet foods
• Desserts: nata de coco

Ampacity, sometimes specified by manufacturers as a current rating, is the RMS electric current which a device can carry within specified temperature limitations in a specified environment dependent upon: a) temperature rating, b) power loss, c) heat dissipation.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material, the construction of the conductor, the composition of the insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable different conditions govern, and installation regulations specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable’s rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Special calculations are necessary for multiple circuits in proximity in adjacent raceways. When multiple cables are bundled together, each contributes heat to the bundle and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in the wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75, 90 degrees Celsius, with an ambient air temperature of 30C. 105C is allowed with ambient of 40C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2kV.

The allowed current in cables might be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

Wires are heated by the Joule heating caused by the electric current flowing through them. Copper or aluminum wires could conduct a large amount of current before melting but long before the conductors melt, their insulation could be damaged by the heat.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50A when the ambient air is 30C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70A.

Although the rating is normally for continuous current (electrical wire), it can also be for peak current (fuse). When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

• Wires
• PCB tracks
• Fuses
• Breakers
• All components used

Current rating

For electrical components (such as transistors, voltage regulators, and the like), the term current rating is more-commonly compared to ampacity, but the considerations are usually very similar.

In telecommunication, electronics and the electrical power industry, the term demand factor has the following meanings:

1. The ratio of (a) the maximum real power consumed by a system to (b) the maximum real power that would be consumed if the entire load connected to the system were to be activated at the same time.

Note: The maximum real power is usually integrated over a specified time interval, such as 15 or 30 minutes, and is usually expressed in kilowatts. The real power that would be consumed if the entire load connected to the system were to be activated at the same time is obtained by summing the power required by all the connected equipment. This load is expressed in kilowatts if the consumed real power is expressed in kilowatts.

2. The ratio of (a) the maximum power, integrated over a specified time interval, such as 15 or 30 minutes, and usually expressed in kilowatts, consumed by a system, to (b) the maximum volt-amperes, expressed in kilovolt-amperes if the power is expressed in kilowatts, integrated over a time interval of the same duration, though not necessarily during the same interval.

Charges for electrical power may be based on the demand factor as well as the kilowatt-hours of electrical energy consumed, to take account of wattless current.

See also

• Capacity factor
• Load factor (electrical)

References

• Federal Standard 1037C.
• MIL-STD-188.

The Agulhas Current is the Western Boundary Current of the South-West Indian Ocean and is part of the westward flowing South Equatorial Current. It flows down the east coast of Africa from 27°S to 40°S. It is narrow, swift and strong.

The sources of the Agulhas Current are the East Madagascar Current, the Mozambique Current and a reticulated part of the Agulhas Current itself. The flow of the Agulhas Current is directed by the topography. The current follows the continental shelf from Maputo to the tip of the Agulhas Bank (Cape Agulhas). Here the momentum of the current overcomes the vorticity balance holding the current to the topography and the current leaves the shelf. In the South-East Atlantic Ocean the current retroflects (turns back on itself) in the Agulhas Retroflection, becoming the Agulhas Return Current. This returns to the Indian Ocean and contributes the major part of the volume of the Agulhas Current by recirculation.

Where the Agulhas turns back on itself the loop of the retroflection pinches off periodically, on average about once every two months, releasing a retroflection eddy into the South Atlantic Ocean. This retroflection eddy or Agulhas ring enters the flow of the Benguela Current and is translated north-westward across the Atlantic Ocean.

See also

• Rogue wave (oceanography)

External links

• Agulhas current
• Agulhas Web Log

The Private Express Statutes (or PES) are a group of United States federal civil and criminal laws placing various restrictions on the carriage and delivery of letters by all organizations other than the United States Postal Service.

History

The United States Congress originally passed the PES in 1792, under powers granted it in the United States Constitution to “establish Post Offices and Post Roads”. The PES created a governmental monopoly on the carriage and delivery of letter mail, and ensured that this monopoly can be enforced. Today the USPS is empowered to suspend the PES, if it believes such a private postal service would be in the interests of the general public.

The PES consists of through sec. 1999 and through sec. 606, implemented under 39 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 310 and 320. These forbid all carriage and delivery of letter mail by private organizations, except as described in the next section. The PES only cover “letters” and not other mailable items such as parcels or periodicals.

Exceptions

“Extremely Urgent” letters

In 1979 the Postal Service authorized the delivery of extremely urgent letters outside the USPS; this has given rise to delivery services such as Federal Express and Purolator. These letters must either cost at least the greater of $3 or twice what First Class (or Priority) mail service would cost, or they must be delivered within strict time limits or otherwise lose value. They must be marked “EXTREMELY URGENT”. Records of pick up and delivery must be maintained for Postal Service inspection if the time sensitive exception is being used.

Lawful private carriage

It is possible to set up a private mail delivery service known as “lawful private carriage” if the USPS postage is paid in addition to any private postage fee that is collected. Records must be maintained that such postage has been paid, and it must be affixed to the letter cover by U.S. stamps, meter imprints or through another method approved by the USPS; the postage must be canceled by the sender in ink; the date of mailing must be affixed in ink to the cover (either by sender or carrier); and the letter cannot be removed without defacing the cover from the envelope or other container in which the letter is sent. An agreement must be entered into with the Postal Service to conduct volume private carriage through the Chicago Rates and Classification Service Center which has national responsibility for the PES.

Occasional private mail delivery

One does not need to establish a private mail delivery service for the occasional commercial transport of a letter outside the mails so long as the rate which would have been due to the USPS is affixed in stamps, the stamps are cancelled in ink, and the date of receipt by the carrier or the transport of the letter, are noted thereon. All these privately-carried letters can bear a private cancellation if the cancellation is done in ink; note that private cancellations are different from private overprints on postage stamps.

Special messenger services

There are limited exceptions for special messenger services which deliver less than twenty five letters for an individual or company per occasion. In such case no postage need be paid or affixed to the letters; pick up and delivery can be from private residences and commercial businesses.

Free delivery

The delivery of letters without compensation and without the affixation or payment of any postage is allowed; under 39 CFR 310.3(c) by third parties; and under 39 CFR 310.3(b) for one’s own letters which includes regular employees only delivering company mail. Thus, it is not a violation of the PES if one delivers a letter of one’s friend even without affixation of postage or if a company has one of its regular employees deliver mail that originates from the company to its customers. Regarding the personal delivery without compensation it is important to note that compensation is considered to include barter and goodwill. Thus an individual or business who receives a benefit for the delivery of letters does not fall under such a free carriage exception. For example, buying a friend dinner in exchange for having him deliver a letter is not considered without compensation; in such a case one would be required to affix and cancel a sufficient amount of postage to the letter. Another example not falling under this exception would be a business that is carrying letters “free of charge” in the hopes of building business or incidental to some other delivery as an accommodation for its customer; this use would also require the affixation and cancellation of a sufficient amount of postage to be in compliance with the PES.

Cargo delivery

There is an exception for the delivery of what otherwise would be considered a letter if it is sent with cargo and the letter is somehow incidental to the ordering, delivery or shipping of the cargo [39 CFR 310.3(a)].

Other exceptions

Other exceptions to the PES include:

• Letters that at some point during their pick-up or delivery had previously entered into the USPS mailstream, unless the letters are consolidated.
• Letters addressed to specific persons that fall outside the purview of the PES.
• Certain documents and objects that are not considered letters, even though containing a message.

See also

• American Letter Mail Company

External links

• Understanding the Private Express Statutes USPS Publication 542 (June 1998) pdf file

Henry Copeland was an 18th century English cabinetmaker and furniture designer. He appears to have been the first manufacturing cabinetmaker who published designs for furniture. A New Book of Ornaments appeared in 1746, but it is not clear whether the engravings with this title formed part of a book, or were issued only in separate plates; a few of the latter are all that are known to exist. Between 1752 and 1769 several collections of designs were produced by Copeland in conjunction with Matthias Lock; in one of them Copeland is described as of Cheapside. Some of the original drawings are in the National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Copeland was probably the originator of a peculiar type of chair back, popular for a few years in the middle of the 18th century, consisting of a series of interlaced circles. Much of his work has been attributed to Thomas Chippendale, and it is certain that one derived many ideas from the other, but which was the originator and which the copyist is by no means clear. The dates of birth and death are unknown, but he was still living in 1768.

References

Beating can mean:-

• Beating up: hitting several or many times causing much bruising.
  • This is its usual meaning when it is a noun with a number or article, e.g “a beating”.
• Beating : using your body parts (especially your hands) on a table to make a beat, or rhythm.
• Or see battery (crime)
• Beat (music)
• Beat (acoustics)
• Participle and gerund of the verb beat in its various senses.

Lawrence Makoare (b. 20 March, 1968) is a New Zealand-born Māori actor, probably best-known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. In The Fellowship of the Ring, he played the Uruk-hai leader Lurtz, and in The Return of the King, he played the Witch-king of Angmar as well as Gothmog, the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

He’s very popular among Xena: Warrior Princess’ fans, too, having played two memorable characters in third season: a Barbarian leader in episode “The Quill Is Mightier…” and Maecanus (an Aphrodite’s minion) in episode “Fins, Femmes and Gems”.

In 2002 he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day.

He stands at 6′ 4″ (1.93 m).

Filmography

• The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) - Witch-king/Gothmog
• Die Another Day (2002) - Mr. Kil
• The Māori Merchant of Venice (2002) - Pirihina o Morako (Prince of Morocco)
• The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) - Lurtz
• Crooked Earth (2001) - Kahu Bastion
• The Price of Milk (2000) - Nephew
• The Feathers of Peace (2000) - Pemako
• What Becomes of the Broken Hearted? (1999) - Grunt
• Greenstone (1999) TV Series - Rameka
• Rapa Nui (1994) - Atta

External links

• Official Website

In electrical engineering, brushes conduct current between stationary wires and moving parts, most commonly in a rotating shaft. Most importantly, in an electric motor, an alternator or electric generator, the coils of the rotor have to be connected. To accomplish this, two metal (copper or brass) ’slip rings’ are affixed on the shaft and springs press braided copper wire ‘brushes’ onto the rings which conduct the current. Later, these copper wire brushes were replaced with carbon blocks — but these blocks are still called brushes. As the brushes are slowly abraded, they may have to be replaced, if this is possible.

If the copper rings are split into parts with “interlaced” connections, the arrangement is called a commutator.

Metal fiber brushes are currently being developed again. These brushes may have advantages over current carbon brushes, but have not yet seen wide implementation.

See Also

External links

• Article in maintenanceworld.com
• Ace Carbon
• HiPerCon LLC, Metal Fiber Brushes

A carbon-hydrogen bond is a single bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms, most commonly found in organic compounds. Carbon-hydrogen bonds have a bond length of 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10^-10 m) and a bond energy of 413 kJ/mol.
Using Paulings scale; C (2.5), H (2.1) the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.4. The bond type this electronegativity difference determines is generally regarded as being non-polar.

See also

• Hydrocarbon

In fiber optics and telecommunications, optical return loss(ORL) is the ratio of the optical power arriving at an interface to the optical power reflected back from the same interface. It is usually expressed in decibels.

In Fiber Optic Transmission Systems

ORL is caused by backreflection of light from optical splices or connectors in the fiber link, as well as from couplers or other components placed in the fiber link.

Fiber Optic transmission systems often use lasers to transmit signals over optical fiber which are sensitive to light returning into the component. A high ORL can cause the laser to stop transmitting correctly.

The measurement of ORL is becoming more important in the characterisation of optical networks as the use of CWDM and DWDM increases. These systems use lasers that have a lower tolerance for ORL, and introduce elements into the network that are located in close proximity to the laser.

External References

• http://documents.exfo.com/appnotes/anote044-ang.pdf

Gunma (群馬郡; -gun) was a district located in Gunma, Japan.

As of June 30, 2004, the district had an estimated population of 22,303. The total area was 93.59km².

Until the day before the dissolution (September 30, 2006), the district had one town.

• Haruna

History

In 1878, the district split off at the Tone River, forming Higashigunma and Nishigunma Districts. Since Higashigunma District areas was smaller, Higashigunma merged with Minamiseta District in 1896 to form Seta District. At the same time, Nishigunma merged with Kataoka District and renamed to Gunma District. In 1949, Kitagunma District was created out from Gunma District.

On October 1, 2006, the town of Haruna merged into the city of Takasaki, and the district dissolved.

District Timeline

Gunma District ~1876

• 1876 - The District broke off into Higashigunma District and Nishigunma District.

Gunma District 1896-2006

• April 1, 1896 - Nishigunma District merged with Kataoka District to form Gunma District. (6 towns, 33 villages)
• April 1, 1900 - The town of Takasaki gained city status. (5 towns, 33 villages)
• April 1, 1905 - The village of Murota gained town status. (6 towns, 32 villages)
• April 1, 1921 - The village of Minowa gained town status. (7 towns, 31 villages)
• April 1, 1927 - The villages of Tsukasawa and Kataoka merged into the city of Takasaki. (7 towns, 29 villages)
• October 1, 1939 - The village of Sano merged into the city of Takasaki. (7 towns, 28 villages)
• October 1, 1949 - 2 towns and 9 villages split from the district to form Kitagunma District. (5 towns, 19 villages)
• April 1, 1951 - The village of Rokugo merged into the city of Takasaki. (5 towns, 18 villages)
• April 1, 1954 - The town of Soja and the villages of Azuma and Motosoja merged into the city of Maebashi. (4 towns, 16 villages)
• January 20, 1955 (4 towns, 13 villages)
  • The village of Kiyosato and parts of the village of Shintakao (Toba) merged into the city of Maebashi.
  • The village of Nakagawa and the remaining parts of the village of Shintakao merged into the city of Takasaki.
• February 1, 1955 (4 towns, 13 villages)
  • The town of Murota merged with the village of Satomi from Usui District to form the town of Haruna.
  • The village of Kurata merged with the village of Ubuchi from Usui District to form the town of Kurabuchi.
• March 1, 1955 - The village of Kuruma merged into the town of Haruna. (4 towns, 12 villages)
• April 1, 1955 (4 towns, 9 villages)
  • The town of Minowa and the village of Kurumasato merged to form the town of Misato.
  • The towns of Tsutsumigaoka and Kaneko and the village of Kokufu merged to form the town of Gunma.
• August 1, 1955 - The village of Nagano merged into the city of Takasaki. (4 towns, 8 villages)
• September 30, 1956 (4 towns, 6 villages)
  • The village of Orui merged into the city of Takaoka.
  • The villages of Takigawa and Kyogashima merged to form the village of Gunnan.
• March 30, 1957 - Parts of the village of Souma merged with the village of Momoi from Kitagunma District to form the village of Momoi in Kitagunma District. The remaining parts of the village merged into the village of Minowa. (4 towns, 5 villages)
• April 1, 1957 - The village of Kamisato split and merged each into the towns of Minowa and Gunma. (4 towns, 3 villages)
• August 1, 1957 (4 towns, 2 villages)
  • Part of the village of Gunnan merged with the town of Tamamura and the village of Joyo from Sawa District forming the town of Tamamura in Sawa District.
  • The villages of Iwahana split and merged each into the village of Gunnan and the city of Takasaki.
• October 15, 1957 - Parts of the village of Gunnan (Sakai) merged into the town of Tamamura in Sawa District.
• March 31, 1963 - The town of Kuragano merged into the city of Takasaki (3 towns, 2 villages)
• September 1, 1965 - The village of Gunnan merged into the city of Takasaki. (3 towns, 1 village)
• July 1, 1996 - The village of Kurabuchi renames (倉淵村->倉渕村)
• January 23, 2006 - Gunma, Kurabuchi, and Misato were merged into the city of Takasaki. (1 town)
• October 1, 2006 - The town of Haruna merged into the city of Takasaki. Gunma District was dissolved as a result.

A ‘set screw’, also called a grub screw in British English, is a type of screw generally used to secure an object within another object. The set screw passes through a threaded hole in the outer object and is tightened against the inner object to prevent it from moving relative to the outer object. It exerts its clamping force through the bottom tip that projects through the hole rather than with a larger head that remains outside.
They are used to prevent relative motion between two rotating parts, such as the movement of pulley on a shaft. For this, a set screw is screwed into the pulley hub so that its end-point bears firmly against the shaft. The fastening action is by friction between the screw and the shaft.
Set screws are not efficient and so are used only for transmitting very light loads. For longer life, they are usually made of steel and case hardened.

Set screws appear with a variety of tip types, including the following:

• Flat Point
• Domed Point
• Cone Point
• Cup Point
• Knurled Cup Point
• Dog Point

They also appear with a variety of drive styles, including the following:

• Allen (hex)
• Square head
• Slotted
• Bristol® spline

External link

• Page illustrating various set screw tip types

In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, also somewhat misleadingly called the dark reactions (they don’t require darkness, but they do require the products of the light reactions), are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. It occurs in the stroma, the fluid filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes. These reactions, unlike the light-dependent reactions, do not need light to occur; hence the term dark reactions. These reactions take the products of the light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are two light-independent reactions: carbon fixation and the Calvin-Benson cycle.

However in CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, carbon fixation actually does take place at night.

Carbon fixation

Main article: carbon fixation

The carbon fixation reaction is the first step of the light-independent reactions. Carbon from carbon dioxide is “fixed” into a larger carbohydrate. Three pathways to occur: C3 carbon fixation (the most common), C4 carbon fixation, and CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism). C3 fixation occurs as the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle in all plants. C4 plants first fix carbon dioxide into malate, which is then used to supply carbon dioxide in the middle of the night to the Calvin-Benson cycle. CAM plants perform a similar process.

Calvin cycle

The Calvin-Benson cycle takes carbon dioxide and converts it to glucose, which the plant uses for energy.

External links

• The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

NetJet was the first commercially available web accelerator. The product was developed by Peak Technologies in 1996 and released in January of 1997. The technology was derived from the ExpressO server developed by Innovative Desktop Inc.

NetJet paved the way for commercial Java technologies and may be considered notable because of the following:

1. It was the first commercially available, shrink wrapped application written for the Java platform.
2. It was the first software product updated over the internet.
3. It provided the first look ahead technologies to enable link prefetching.
4. It contained intelligent caching algorithms ensuring frequently visited content was fresh and up-to-date.
   

The product acted as a web proxy and was compatible with most web browsers.

Methylation

specific oligonucleotide microarray was developed as a technique to map methylation changes in DNA in cancer. This technique was developed by Professor Tim Hui-Ming Huang and was published in journal Genome Research on 2002 (Gitan et al, 2002). The method utilizes bisulfite-modified DNA that is used as templates for PCR amplification, which is subsequently hybridized to oligonucleotide microarray.

External links

• Resources, information and specific protocols for DNA Methylation Analysis

Difluoroalkenes are alkenes that have two fluorines on their sp² carbon. Difluoroalkenes that have the fluorines on the same carbon, a geminal relationship, are called gem-difluoroalkenes. They have a unique reactivity derived from the fluorines. Generally, the alkenes are known to react with electrophiles. But gem-difluoroalkenes can react also with nucleophiles, since their carbon-carbon double bond is electrophilically activated by the two fluorine atoms. By using this characteristic, several fluorine-containing compounds have been prepared.

Because of their biological activities and physical properties, gem-difluoroalkene compounds have been attracting much interest in various fields such as medical and agricultural chemistry and material sciences.